Top Reasons for Choosing a Degree in Medical Free Essays

Top Reasons For Choosing A Degree In Medical Office Management Aletha McTigrit Kaplan 2012 ? Medical office management jobs are one of the fastest growing professions in the health industry in 2012 predicted to grow as much as 22% in the next 8 years. If you have a desire to work in the medical field but like myself don’t want to work with patients directly, medical office management is a profession you should consider. What is a medical office manager? How much can they earn? What type of person would be a good candidate for a medical office manager position? What would be their responsibilities? How can a person become a medical office manager, and what are some the current issues affecting medical office managers today are just some of the questions I am prepared to answer. We will write a custom essay sample on Top Reasons for Choosing a Degree in Medical or any similar topic only for you Order Now Medical office managers are responsible for the non-clinical day to day operations designed to improve and maintain productivity in practices that provide healthcare services. Medical office manager’s salaries vary state by state depending on the area where you intend to work although according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics the median salary for a medical office manager in 2010 holding a bachelor’s degree or higher in a large city was about 86,300 a year. Medical office managers need to be proficient communicator with good human resource abilities who are able to communicate with people from all areas of life; He or she must also be honest, fair, and dependable(Hicks, 2012). Working as an administrator or manager in any type of office has its challenges. Office managers have a large array of duties for which they are responsible that must be accomplished on a daily basis and depending on the size of the organization in which they are employed, some of these duties may include selecting, hiring and training other employees, managing inventory and being solely responsible for bookkeeping,. ut working as an office manager in a medical facility can also include other duties such as managing the schedules of all the doctor’s that work in the office, addressing complaints made by doctors, staff, patients or insurance companies, supervising patient scheduling, sending out appointment reminders, maintaining confidentiality with patient records as well as staying informed of new laws and regulations that affect the facility to insure the facility is in compliance so being able to multitask without becoming overwhelmed is a plus. Courses needed to obtain a degree in medical office management often include medical terminology, medical office accounting, medical law and bioethics, as well as those in anatomy and physiology Although earning a bachelor’s degree or higher in health science is customary when seeking employment as a medical office manager one can also gain on the job experience and work their way up from a related career such as a medical receptionist, or a medical administrative assistant by taking on larger and more responsible positions as stated in an audio segment on medical office management. After earning a degree in medical office management most professionals will seek to earn their CMM (certified medical manager) credential offered by the PAHCOM (Professional Association of Health Care Office Management) which attest to a person’s professionalism as a healthcare manager nationwide. Being a medical office manager is a challenging profession and one must always be prepared for change whether it be in technology or to stay in compliance with an additional laws or regulations such as HIPAA(Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) other current issues include infection control, internal control to prevent employee misconduct and dealing with unresolved claims. My desire to become a medical office manager was kindled by a desire to expand my education and be the first one in my family to have earned a college degree, and to have a positive impact on my daughter who did not finish high school in hopes she would return and someday in the future hold a degree in her own chosen field. My goal is not to enter the work force immediately although I know I need to complete an externship and clinical requirements in order to obtain my degree. I intend to earn my bachelor’s degree and work part-time in order to qualify for my CMM credentials and possibly move on to earn a master’s degree in Medical office management. I see myself as already having waited 20 years to return to school and continue my education so I am not in any hurry to reach my maximum potential, but instead continue to stay at home and see that my children receive the utmost care and support that I am able to give to them. In 5 years with an estimated graduation date of November 2014. I see myself working as a medical secretary in a doctor’s office in Kokomo near my home town of Peru, IN, holding my CPS (Certified Professional Secretary) and CAP (Certified Administrative Professional) credentials while working on my bachelor’s degree in medical office management. Based on the assumption that I do not have any more children in the near future my youngest child will be of school age and I will be able to work while finishing my bachelor’s degree and earning my CMM credential and finally begin seeking to earn my master’s degree in medical office management, fortunately for me when people my age are thinking about retiring I will be beginning a career in a profession that I have wanted to work in for as long as I can remember. Taking the steps required to becoming a medical office manager is something that requires a lot of time patience and dedication but will ultimately lead to a rewarding career should you choose to accept the challenge? References A day in the life of a medical office manager (n. d. ) Retrieved from http://extmedia. kaplan. edu/healthSci/HS100/AAMedicalOfficeManagement. mp3 Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012-13 Edition, Medical, and Health Services Managers, on the Internet at http://www. bls. gov/ooh/management/medical-and-health-services-managers. tm (visited November 12, 2012). Hicks, J. , (2012 February 6). 6 current issues for medical office managers Retrieved from http://medicaloffice. about. com/b/2012/02/10/6-current-issues-for-medical-office-managers. htm Hicks, J. , (2012 June 29). Several traits for successful managers Retrieved From http://medicaloffice. about. com/b/2012/06/30/several-traits-for-successful-managers. h tmm PAHCOM Certified medical manager overview Professional Association of Health Care Office Management (no date) Retrieved From http://www. pahcom. com/cmm/overview. html How to cite Top Reasons for Choosing a Degree in Medical, Essay examples

Rahman Talib Reports free essay sample

To what extent have Razak Rahman Talib Reports affected the direction of the national education system? From my points of view, there are a few things that from both of the reports give an impacts to our education today. Introducing the Bahasa Melayu as the national language and as a medium of the communication has make the relationship between the races become more stabil and better. Free education from the goverment had help all the unwealthy family to send their children to school.This will help all the poor family to  get education  more better and this will them to make better lives. Teaching moral in school will help pupils to build their  characters  and implant good values in them. Create examination among all  the school will help pupils to know about their abilities and achievement  in academic. Basically, when we are re-examine the Razak Report(1956) and Rahman Talib(1961) to the current education that is KSSR, there are many similarities. We will write a custom essay sample on Rahman Talib Reports or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is actually an improvement from time to time according with the time flow. If we look back from the Razak Report saying that a national education needed in line with Malaysias aspiration to unite the community, Malay language will be the national language, the development of language and culture of China and India. Bahasa Malaysia and English are compulsory in schools, the teachers are qualified and were placed under a professional services and the inspectorate was established. theCompared to the Rahman Talib Statement, its still remained and emphasized 4 aspects which are implementing national language and taht is Bahasa Malaysia, examination of the same system either in primary, secondary and higher education. Its also provide technical and vocational education for the need of skilled workers and emphasized on religious and moral education. Some changes occur as free education in primary and secondary schools. The current development has changing the educational system but its actually a continuation. A few changes are made for improvement.But in our new system, KSSR and before this KBSR(1982), we still remain Malay language as the main medium of instruction and English is a compulsory language in the classroom. The syllabus were adjusted and it is based on 6 elements that are communication,spirituality,humanitarian, physical and aesthetic development, science and technology and personal skills. The  National education system which is implemented now has some affects from the Razak Report and the Rahman Talib Report. As the Razak Report, it uses the comman syllabus for all schools.Besides, compulsory study of National and English languages in primary and secondry schools. Have the equal grant to all schools. According to the Rahman Talib Report it provided free education system. Continued the nationals school and national type schools. Have religious education and moral education to non-muslim. Based on the the brief points of the reports, they still have the similarities in todays education system. All those which were introduced based on the 2 reports are still being implemented but they are upgraded for example all the schools still use the comman syllabus.Now it is revied based on todays education demand like the usage ICT which was not implemented  during those time. In my opinion, I think Razak and Rahman Talib reports have affected the national education in positive and negative ways. By bringing Bahasa Malaysia as the national language in education has benefited most of the Malaysian citizens because even though we are from poor and middle families, different races, the only language that help us to communicate well is the Malay language.Not only that, these reports has brought the entire Malaysian ethnicity together in one educational system which is good and easy for us. For those who are poor and unaffordable, these reports has brought light to their childrens lives because of the free school books policy was implemented. For those bumiputeras, Razak and Rahman Tal ibs reports benefited due to the Sekolah Kebangsaan implementation where all Malay students who lives in rural areas are encouraged to learn Malay language in schools situated in these areas. Besides that, examination system to the same school even though different languages at the primary, secondary and upper secondary had really brought good impact in nowdays students lives because examinations tests students achievement in education line and through these exams, students would be able to further their studies. Moral subjects which is taught in schools helps to build the character of pupils and implant good values within them. Free education to all schools regardless of the medium helps the poor families who are unable to pay for the fees to enjoy this benefit.

Point of View in Toni Cade Bambara’s, “The Lesson” Essay Essay Example

Point of View in Toni Cade Bambara’s, â€Å"The Lesson† Essay Paper Point of position is an indispensable component to a reader’s comprehension of a narrative. The point of position shows how the storyteller thinks. speaks. and feels about any peculiar state of affairs. In Toni Cade Bambara’s â€Å"The Lesson. † the events are told through the eyes of a immature uptown miss named Sylvia. The reader gets a limited point of position because the events are told purely by Sylvia. This fact can act upon the reader to see things merely as she does. The strong linguistic communication gives a unfamiliar reader an illustration of how people in the metropolis speak. We will write a custom essay sample on Point of View in Toni Cade Bambara’s, â€Å"The Lesson† Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Point of View in Toni Cade Bambara’s, â€Å"The Lesson† Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Point of View in Toni Cade Bambara’s, â€Å"The Lesson† Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Bambara does this to demo a different sort of life that may be new to the reader and may help in the comprehension of the street life. The reader gets a sense of Sylvia’s personality in the really beginning of the narrative as she talks about Miss Moore. Sylvia’s sentiment of her is non one of fancy. She says that she hates Miss Moore every bit much as the â€Å"winos who pissed on our handball walls and stand up on our hallways and stepss so you couldn’t center drama hide-and-seek† ( 307 ) . By comparing the hatred to something she enjoys. we see what a child in the slums does for merriment. Sylvia feels that Miss Moore ever plans â€Å"boring-ass things for us to do† ( 307 ) . Miss Moore seems to be different from what Sylvia is usage to. Sylvia harps on the fact that Miss Moore is educated. This shows that Sylvia is non use to being about educated people. She dislikes the fact that Miss Moore is a adult female with â€Å"nappy hair and proper address with no makeup† ( 307 ) . Sylvia continues to depict her as a â€Å"nappy caput bitch and her goddamn college degree† and would instead make things that are fun alternatively of listening to her. Miss Moore efforts to learn the kids about the difference of how some people spend money. Sylvia feels insulted and thinks Miss Moore is naming them â€Å"retards† when she asks the group do they cognize what money is. The first lesson is to calculate out how much of a tip they are suppose to go forth the cab driver. Sylvia wants to maintain the money and leap out of the cab and pass the money on some barbecue. Larceny seems to be a common characteristic within the group. Subsequently. when they are at the shop. Sugar asks â€Å"can we steal† ( 308 ) . Miss Moore shows the childs the monetary values of several objects and they are amazed at some of the costs. They try to calculate out how long they could salvage up to purchase things such as a 30 five-dollar birthday buffoon. The kids think about how 35 dollars would be used to purchase necessities alternatively of luxuries. The childs think that merely white people would purchase the objects that they see. Rosie Giraffe says that â€Å"white folks† are brainsick in the manner they spend money. This exemplifies the difference in the criterion of life from one portion of society to another. Ultimately. Bambara wants to demo the reader that there is a different position of life through the eyes of person from the metropolis. The attitude of Sylvia and her friends is an property to their milieus. The lesson that they learn is one that the reader receives besides. Bambara shows how some people can pass money on points that seem unimportant to the childs. Sylvia appears to brush off the whole experience by invariably knocking Miss Moore and believing negative ideas of her. In the terminal. the reader can see that Sylvia has soaked up some of the events and wants to endeavor to hold some of the finer things. The fact that â€Å"ain’t cipher gon na crush me at nuthin† shows that Sylvia is traveling to be the best of anything she pursues ( 312 ) . Bambara wants the reader to see that there is another type of life style in the metropolis. It is non to minimize Sylvia and her equals merely to demo that there is a difference of values. In this novel. that value is the difference of disbursement money.

Free Essays on Searches Or No Searches

Searches or No Searches By: Julia Nicoletti Searches or no searches, that is the question. Say the principal at your school has instituted random locker and book bag/back pack searches to check for weapons and/or drugs. Anyone who is caught, will immediately be suspended. Performing these searches will do so much for your school. Searching will increase the trust and support of the parents who send their kids to your school. The searches will also make the students feel more safe and secure at school. These searches will decrease the weapons and drugs on campus. Random searches will increase the trust and support of the parents who sent their kids to your school. A family has a high school student in their family. The family lives in the not so good side of Cleveland. The school has records and is known for weapons, drugs, and shootings. If there were locker and bag searches, the family would probably send their teen to the school. Parents would rather send their teen to a high school that is known for performing these searches, not to a school that is known for drugs and weapons. The school would gain a lot of trust and support from parents if they did this. The more trust, the more students. The more students, the more money from the government. The more money, the better facilities. Feeling safe is one thing you need in school. With out feeling safe, more tension will stir up in school. Twenty-nine percent of students polled by Educational Communications, Inc., last year said that they know someone who brought a weapon to school, which is a scary statement. If there were searches being performed frequently, there would be no reason to be nervous of being shot or stabbed in school. Most kids hate going to school and when you have students who bring weapons to school, it helps persuade them against it even more. Random checks would decrease the number of illegal weapons in the school. By doin... Free Essays on Searches Or No Searches Free Essays on Searches Or No Searches Searches or No Searches By: Julia Nicoletti Searches or no searches, that is the question. Say the principal at your school has instituted random locker and book bag/back pack searches to check for weapons and/or drugs. Anyone who is caught, will immediately be suspended. Performing these searches will do so much for your school. Searching will increase the trust and support of the parents who send their kids to your school. The searches will also make the students feel more safe and secure at school. These searches will decrease the weapons and drugs on campus. Random searches will increase the trust and support of the parents who sent their kids to your school. A family has a high school student in their family. The family lives in the not so good side of Cleveland. The school has records and is known for weapons, drugs, and shootings. If there were locker and bag searches, the family would probably send their teen to the school. Parents would rather send their teen to a high school that is known for performing these searches, not to a school that is known for drugs and weapons. The school would gain a lot of trust and support from parents if they did this. The more trust, the more students. The more students, the more money from the government. The more money, the better facilities. Feeling safe is one thing you need in school. With out feeling safe, more tension will stir up in school. Twenty-nine percent of students polled by Educational Communications, Inc., last year said that they know someone who brought a weapon to school, which is a scary statement. If there were searches being performed frequently, there would be no reason to be nervous of being shot or stabbed in school. Most kids hate going to school and when you have students who bring weapons to school, it helps persuade them against it even more. Random checks would decrease the number of illegal weapons in the school. By doin...

Lorenzo the Magnificent Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lorenzo the Magnificent - Research Paper Example Some of his well-known achievements include preservation of the independence and the regional integrity of Florence and assisting in the creation of peace through the whole of Italy through his diplomatic policies. Though Lorenzo lived only forty-three years, he managed to gain the title of one of the most significant masters during renaissance and became the exemplar of what is presently referred as the Renaissance man4. Lorenzo had an interest in almost everything and prospered in almost everything that he attempted. However, he was admired and at the same time loathed. His interest in music, religion, art, literature, and philosophy grew with time and could hold extravagant parties at the family palace to discuss on numerous classical literature works and philosophy5. Lorenzo was born in 1449 to a family of five and was the elderly son to Piero, his father6. Lorenzo’s family, the Medici, was at this time involved in the banking sector and other businesses within the region7. Additionally, his family was also involved in the running of the republic. His grandfather, Cosimo de’ Medici, was the ruler of the republic while at the same time involved in the banking business8. Both Cosimo and Piero loved, supported and collected arts. Lorenzo’s mother wrote sonnets and poems and was actively involved in supporting arts during this period. During his childhood, Lorenzo was deemed as the brightest among the siblings of Piero9. He took part in hunting, jousting, and horse breeding10. However, his father died while he was young, and his mother took over the responsibility of bringing him up. While still alive, his father had sent Lorenzo on numerous significant diplomatic missions. For instance, his father had sent him to Rome to meet t he pope and other significant political and religious leaders11. Lorenzo, unlike his brother Giuliano, did not have good looks and had short

The Republic of Panama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Republic of Panama - Essay Example at could ensure the reclamation efforts were designed for the attainment of full sovereignty over the whole territory as well as for securing its independence in economic, political as well as on cultural matters. With the main aim of the changes being the achievement of complete freedom of the country’s social organization at the local level, it would be possible to insinuate that the changes would be of great benefit to the country. Some of the other objectives that would be beneficial include enhancing the people’s capacity to cooperate with people from the external world, and autonomy in making decisions related to its foreign affairs (Conniff, 2012). These changes led to the enhancement of the country’s productive capacity, which is a consideration that is likely to be beneficial not only to the whole community, but also to the trading partners. The changes stopped the appropriation of the country’s energies, which were exploited by supranational economic powers. For this reason, the changes were necessary for securing the nation’s autonomy, thereby emphasizing that the country has its inviolate territory (Conniff, 2012). This stresses the fact that the country has the sole use of its territory, which is strengthened by the development of a community that is aware of its history and that it is united in pursuing actual social justice. The treaty between the United States and Panama, signed in 1903, made it possible for the United States to construct and operate the canal joining the Pacific and Atlantic oceans across Panama (Conniff, 2012). The treaty provided the United States ability to occupy, control and use approximately 10 miles the width of the Canal Zone in perpetuity. In this case, the U.S. would hold full sovereign rights of the area, which led to numerous conflicts between the two countries in during the 1660s and 1970s. In restitution, the United States assured the independence of Columbia. However, this treaty, among others that were

Control The Speed Of The DC Motor Engineering Essay

Control The Speed Of The DC Motor Engineering Essay Direct current (DC) motor is applied in a wide range of applications particularly in automation technology due to minimal voltage consumption. In the proposal DC motor plays an effective role in Hardware implementation. The main principle behind the project is to use the cascade control to run the DC motor; its one of best feedback controllers. For estimating the velocity and the armature current of the DC motor with 24 volts and a dsPIC Microcontroller is programmed .The above all operation is done in a closed control loop function. Table of Contents 1.2 Objective 2. Specific Aims of the project Chapter 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Brushed DC Motor DC motor model Digital control of dc motor Advantages of dc with respect to speed control Analogue control of dc motor 2.1 ds PIC dsPIC30f 3010 2.2 MPLAB IDE 3. Design and Research Cascade control Currentloop dynamics Speed loop dynamics 3.1 Components for controlling 24v brushed Dc motor 3.1. Flexible inverted board 3.2.1 Generating PWM wave forms 3.1.2 H-Bridge converter 3.2 Software techniques used in DC motor Programming microcontroller in Flexible inverted board 4. Results and Discussion 5. Conclusion 6. Appendix List of Figures FIGURE 1: Operation of BRUSHED DC Motor FIGURE2: General block diagram of speed loop and current loop of DC Motor FIGURE3: H-bridge converter with different voltage VÃŽÂ ± VÃŽÂ ² CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objective The main function of the project is to control the speed of the DC Motor using a dsPIC30f3010 microcontroller. For that implement a separate hardware to satisfy the main function of the project. 1.2 Specific Aim of the project In order to achieve the main core of the project, construct Hardware for controlling the speed control of DC motor. The main hardware requirements are ds PIC microcontroller ICD interface connector for system interface DC power supply MOSFET Current sensors The above components are required to construct a hardware called Flexible Inverted Board [4]. 1.3 OUTLINE OF PROJECT Step1 In this paper a flexible inverted board is constructed with the series of hardware components Step2 Then communicate the Flexible inverted board with system using MPLAB IDE software with ICD-3 interface [4].the language used in the MPLAB software is C-language. Step3 The speed loop and the current loop are the two important functions for controlling the speed of the Dc motor. In our project the key point is to control both the loops by C-programming language using MPLAB ICD-3. The speed loop of the microcontroller is called speed controller and the current loop of the microcontroller is called current controller. CHAPTER 2 THEORITICAL TECHNIQUES AND THEIR REVIEWS 2 Background 2.1 Brushed DC Motor In automotive industries DC motor is used widely in fuel pump control, electronic steering control, engine control and electric vehicle control [6]for its cost effective and it is used in many applications like pulp and paper industries, fan pumps, press, winder motors [2],home appliances, washers, dryers and compressors[6] are some of the best examples. DC motor is one of the important hardware employed in this paper, it consists of a rotor and stator, and the parts are placed in a permanent magnetic field. Commutator and brush are placed in between the rotor and stator. Positioning the brush at a particular direction in the rotor is classified into some categories and they are radial, trailling or leading [3] positions. When the rotor rotates the commutator and carbon brush interface at a point, which produces an enormous amount of magnetic field from the brush of the motor and it produces current to the armature winding of the Dc motor. FIGURE 1: Operation of BRUSHED DC Motor[a] 2.2 DC Motor model [8] Each motor will have different specification and requirements. According to motor requirements and details the model can be designed. The aim of motor model, deals with controlling the applied voltage of both speed and current. The basic model for a Dc Motor is shown below FIGURE2: DC Motor model The above diagram is a simple RL circuit. RL circuit is called resistance inductance circuit and a 24v DC Motor. All these components combine to form RL circuit. Now the derivation part of the RL circuit is explained below T (t) = J w is the Angular velocity J is the moment of inertia B is the friction T is the armature Torque T (t) = (t) is the Torque constant is Armature current According to Kirchhoffs law (t) (t) = (t) + and are the inductance and resistance for the armature current (ia) The electromotive of the motor can be determined by multiplying the back emf with speed The relationship for the electromotive force is shown below (t) = The state model for any DC motor using ia and w (speed) is mentioned below. = + 2.3 ds PIC -microchip ds PIC stands for Programmable Interface Controller or programmable intelligent computer, which act as an important controlling unit for entire system. The main objective of this project is to make the ds PIC to generate 6PWM waveform. In an ideal condition the waveform from the pulse width modulation can control the H-bridge converter. It not only serves as an interface controllers but also plays a role of a programmable logic controller (PLC). [16,20] ds pic has a memory of 16bit microcontroller that has two major functions. Firstly it can act as a software part serving software functions and the other is a hardware part serving hardware functions. The input signals that are attain from the feedback serve system are received by the software part which in turn utilizes the codes that are written on the chip on C language to analyze the input and operate the hardware. Finally the software makes sure the hardware runs based on the software functions to gain the required output. [18, 20] Our project concentrated on working experiments that were run at lab conditions. Since a couple of systems have certain differences from the stimulation that have been run in real conditions compared to ideal conditions. This in turn is the working of the microcontroller. dsPIC30F 3010, 2010 4011 and 3012 are the series of chips that have been available in the Lab. The letter F in ds PIC30F and such chip states that the chip contains flash memory. The reason for considering this flash memory product is because 30F has an ex-ordinary performance when compared to EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) and one time programmable chips (OTP). This has been a major requirement for the running of this project to get the required output. 16-bit modified Harvard architecture has been added to the CPU containing ds PIC30F for utilizing the data and upgrading the set of guide lines for running digital signal processing (DSP) [14]. There is a lengthy flexible opcode field which has been installed in the CPU that has a 24 bit wide user programmer memory area and the total addressing speed can go up to 4MÃÆ'-24 bit. This programming model has sixteen 16bit working registers in ds PIC30F chip. There are two classes of introduction controlling unit that have been integrated and used for execution they are integrated and used for execution [2]. 2.3.1 dsPIC30F 3010 This section is about the pin configuration and the components available in dsPIC30F3010 microcontroller. Normally the memory allocation in dsPIC30F 3010 can classified in to three categories they are SRAM in Bytes EEPROM in Bytes Programmable memory in Bytes/instruction 2.3.1.1 SRAM SRAM stands for static RAM (Random Access Memory). According to the tabulation shown below the data limit for static RAM should not exceed 1024 bytes. The memory in the function can classified in two types they are X Data RAM Y Data RAM The static RAM uses X -RAM and Y_RAM for storing datas. 2.3.1.2EEPROM The memory allocation for EEPROM is same as static RAM. In read only memory one of the important types of ROM used to store memory is EEPROM. The main function of this ROM is based on two parameters they are endurance and retention [2]. Endurance is to retain the data even after the ROM fails. Therefore the data cant be deleted at any instant. Time period is required to store data that is taken care by retention [2]. 2.3.1.3Program memory In a particular program ds PIC30f microcontroller has a separate memory allocation for storing both the address and data. The memory limit for the program memory is 24K. program address space anda data address space TABLE 1: Tabulation for memory allocation in ds PIC30f3010 The pin configuration of dsPIC30f3010 is described below FIGURE 3: Pin configuration of dsPIC30F 3010[2] Pin descriptions (PWM1L and PWM1H), (PWM2L and PWM2H) (PWM3L and PWM3H) [2] these are six different types PWM channels used in the pin configuration. In which each PWM pair generates three duty cycles with one high output (H) and one low output (L). INT0, INT1INT2 are the interrupt buffers used in the PIC. VSS and VDD [2] are the supply voltage and ground in the PIC controller. U1RX U1TX, U1ARX U1ATX [2] are the series of pins used for communicating PIC microcontroller with PC, in other system interface operation can be done by UART function. In that RX stands for receiver and TX stands for transmitter. The above pin function plays an important in our project. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Components for controlling 24v brushed Dc motor Since the project is fully based on hard ware so many components are available and how they work in that operation. 3.1.1Cascade control operation in Dc Motor: The below operation is done by using Double cascaded layout, it consists of two loops they are current controller with current reference and speed controller with speed reference [5] as shown in . FIGURE4: General block diagram of speed loop and current loop of DC Motor [b] The current loop is covered by the speed loop, in the block diagram it has the two circles inner circle is called inner loop and the outer circle is called outer loop since the inner circle operation is always quicker than the outer circle. In other words inner circle performance is multiple of ten times quicker than the remaining one. The cascade control principle is mainly used in our project to maintain the speed of the motor at a constant level and the current loop in the cascade control is the armature current and it is otherwise called as torque. Sometimes armature current may exceed the limit to avoid this situation in cascade control, it has limiter, and the main function of the limiter is to limit the values of the armature current. For example To limit the armature current to 64volt i.e. 1 ampere. So that the armature wont exceed those limits since the limiter is available in cascade control. The speed controller in the cascade control used to produce demand current ia*. Th e motor runs to overcome the demand current values. The demand current value will always higher than the normal current values. So that the speed motor gradually increases. PI controller(proportional Integral controller) Current controller Speed controller The above all components construct a cascade controller and the function each component is described below 3.1.1.1PI controller (proportional and integral controller) In cascade controller function various controllers are used for detecting the speed and control of the motor, but PI controller is recommended as high efficient controller because it consist to constant gain Kip and Kid. By manually tuning the gain of both Kii and Kpi will reduce the steady state error and the stability of the system will be increased. In recent survey more than 70% cascade controller used PI controller for controlling the speed control DC Motor. In order to reduce the steady state error in the closed loop system, gradually increase the proportional gain constant Kp. As the gain of the Kp increases the steady state error in the system decreases. But the stability of the system will not be stable. To make the system stable, integral term Ki is introduced in the system. When both the proportional and integral term sum each other to reduce the steady state error and make the system stable .the above two functions can be done simultaneously in the PI controller. The math ematical expression for PI controller is explained below. FIGURE 5: PI controller of a closed loop function [1] Kp-proportional gain Ki-Intergral gain Y- Output of the PI controller Err-Error in the PI controller At the beginning error (Err) will pass through both Kp and Ki. For proportional gain the output is Kp Err y1= Kp Err eqn1 [1] y2 = eqn 2 [1] y = y1 + y2 eqn 3 [1] eqn 4 [1] The key point in this PI controller is the error Err in intergral gain Ki will be integrated. so that the steady error will be reduced and the system will be stable. 3.1.1.2Current controller The current controller in the closed loop functions of the cascade control. The current loop is also called as current controller. It is used to protect cascade circuit from damage. The main function of the cascade function is to control the speed. Before controlling the speed the current of the controller should be controlled. The current obtained from the closed loop function is from armature circuit of the DC Motor [7].the input in the current controller is the back emf (ia*). Power converter is mainly used to improve the control in the system. It has high switching frequency, since the power converter in the current loop is very quick. The output of the converter is armature voltage (Va). (-E) is the disturbance occurred in the current loop, in order avoid the disturbance -E ia ia* RL CIRCUITT Power Converter PI FIGURE 6: Functional block diagram of Current controller The disturbance is added along with RL circuit, and the equation is shown below Va = (S La + Ra) ia + E The function of the RL circuit is reduce complexity Va is Armature voltage. ia is armature current (trying to control) Ra is Armature resistance E is Disturbance RL = 1/(S La + Ra) Current loop is carried out by transmitting the from ia(armature current) to ia*(demand armature current). As quick as possible without making the over shoot getting so high. If the over shoot is high it creates problem to the converter. Similarly when the gain values (Kp and Ki) increases in PI controller the over shoot value reduces, but the same time there is more amount of oscillation which may affect the system. Care should be taken in choosing both Kp and Ki values. ts ia ia** FIGURE 7: graph for armature current vs settling time ia Armature current ia* Demand armature current ts Settling time 3.1.2 Flexible inverted board The major hardware has been designed and implemented as Flexible inverted board. It consists of many components they are dsPIC30F3010 microcontroller, H-bridge converter and dc motor. The functions of these hardware components are explained earlier. The above all operation is implemented in a single hard ware called flexible inverted board. FIGURE 8: Functional block diagram of Flexible inverted board 3.1.2.1 IR2130 gate drive circuit: There are three input signal generator blocks which are capable of providing two outputs each gives the inputs to the six output drivers. L1, L2 and L3 are signal generators which drive precisely the three low-side output drivers although H1, H2 and H3 signal generators must be level shifted before it is fed to the high-side output drivers. The floating points of the driver, gate charge requirements of the power switch and the maximum power switch ON times receives power from three bootstrap capacitors C1, C2 and C3. Bootstrap capacitors also feed supply to the internal floating driver current. Once these energy requirements are met there must be considerable amount of charge still on the 8.3V nominal to prevent stopping. D7, D8 and D9 should be super-fast. VCC level seen by an under-voltage detector circuit gives an input to outlaw six outputs of the signal generator circuits. Current sensor R1 derives the ITRIP signal in the main power circuit of the motor when it is segregated with a 0.5 volt reference to outlaw the six signal generator outputs. ITRIP inputs sets up a fault logic circuit which in turn gives open drain TTL output for system gesture. FIGURE 9: Circuit diagram for IR2130 gate drive circuit 3.1.2.2Trim port function with PWM Trim port are small in size and they are very small in size .it is mainly used in many PCB construction board since its occupies less space. The trim port act like a potentiometer and it is otherwise called as trimmer [ ]. By tuning the trim port, resistance value can be minimized or maximized. For example if a 50ohm resistance can be tuned by trim port from 0 50. The two leg of H-bridge converter produce two pulse wave form one with low output (1L) and another one with high output (1H). The duty ratio of the PWM wave form can adjust using trim port. 3.1.2.3DC MOTOR ENCLOSED WITH A ENCODER The best methods of calculating the speed of the DC motor is using optical encoder method. It consists of a disk, Light Emitting Diode (LED) and optical sensor [6]. The disk is fitted with the rotor, as the rotor rotates the disk starts spinning along with the rotor and it is placed in between the LED source and the light sensor. Once the rotation starts the disk passes through the LED source and the optical sensor gets started, from which the speed of the motor can be calculated because the optical sensor acts like a tachometer. In other words the encoder in the DC motor is otherwise called as speed detecting sensors. [6] 3.1.2.4 H-Bridge converter DC motor runs differential speed, but the applied voltage of the motor varies at every interval of time. Since the voltage is directly proportional speed, as the voltage increases the speed of the motor also increases. Speed can be calculated by tachometer which is in build in the DC motors, the applied voltage can be supplied and controlled by a converter called h-bridge converter. GD GD Gate Drive Circuit FIGURE 10: H-bridge converter with different voltage VÃŽÂ ± VÃŽÂ ²[c] In this H-bridge circuit it produces two unipolar pulse width modulations because it has two leg inverter. Effective modulation takes place only in the first half of the inverter. As a result two variable voltages are generated on either side of the armature winding. In H-bridge, modulation index is represented as (+mi) and the reciprocal of modulation index is represent as (-mi).the motor in our project actually experiencing two pulse width. Both the pulses are inversely proportional to each other producing a unipolar PWM. The two legs in the converter are called the switching signals or switching frequency. Bigger converter relatively has lower frequency and smaller converter has higher frequency. If the frequency in the leg1 is high in contrast the frequency in the leg2 will be low. In our project consider VÃŽÂ ± and VÃŽÂ ² are the switching channels of the H- bridge converter . they are inversely proportional to each other. The carrier signal is called the input frequency . the carrier frequency used in our project is 10khz. According to the carrier frequency the time period of VÃŽÂ ± and VÃŽÂ ² differs. In C coding VÃŽÂ ± and VÃŽÂ ² is mentioned as PDC1and PDC2 from the below graph FIGURE 11 graphical representation of PWM signals in H- Bridge converter. The output voltage of the h-bridge converter can be obtained both negative and positive voltage distribution [1]. Pulse width modulation in the h-bridge converter helps to control the armature circuit of the DC motor [1]. Maximum armature current (torque) can be obtained by comparing time constant of both field winding and the armature winding [1]. Since the motor is connected directly to the field windings supply voltage in the field winding is more when compared with the armature winding. To maintain equal time constant in both field and armature winding [1], the applied voltage in the armature winding should be increased, as the armature current increases the torque output is maximized [1]. 3.1.3 Generating PWM wave forms As the torque output gets maximized, pulse width modulation is introduced in the H-bridge system to avoid the disturbance in the armature current.it can be done by increasing the frequency level of the H-bridge converter at a higher range. As the torque output gets maximized, pulse width modulation is introduced in the H-bridge system to avoid the disturbance in the armature current.it can be done by increasing the frequency level of the H-bridge converter at a higher range. FIGURE 12: Diagrammatic representation of the pulse width modulation is shown below [6] The below specification is referred from [6] Ton Time is ON (applied voltage) Toff Time OFF (applied voltage) T Time period. Duty cycle =. The average voltage of the DC motor can be shown in an equation below Average = Duty cycle ÃÆ'- Vin [6] When the motor is running at a constant speed the back emf of the motor is also remain constant. As the back emf remain the same the motor running at constant speed and the armature current (Ia) is zero. PWM is one main part that is required for the operation of cascade control. 4. Software used to drive the Motors 4.1 Programming microcontroller in Flexible inverted board using C-language In the flexible inverter board PIC microcontroller plays a major position in directing the pulse width modulation. The Ton time in the pulse width modulation (PWM) signal can be modulated or controlled by the microcontroller, as the microcontroller varies the time, the velocity of the motor changes with respect to time. The Programing language used in microcontroller is embedded C. The programming codes are downloaded in the microcontroller chip, the downloading approach can be done by a software development tool called MPLAB, this software exists in monitoring the systems, this software should be first installed in the PC, the programmers will write the codes to modulate the PI controller to acquire Applicable source from the current loop of the cascade control function. Once the codes are accepted according to the current loop [1], the programs can be downloaded in the microcontroller through universal serial bus or in circuit Debugger (ICD); ICD is a bus which interfaces PC system and the flexible inverter Board. [6] In order to program the microcontroller examine whether the hardware components are interfaced with the controller. The programming language used for programming the controller is C language. In c-language the datas are classified in to input data and output data. The microcontroller send the information in analogue signal, where the C-language wont accept analogue signals .To avoid the situation ADC converter and encoder interface are introduced in the system. ADC stands for analogue to digital converter; it converts the analogue signal in to digital signals. Then the digital signals get received by the C-program as input data. In turns c-program will send the output data to the PWM unit. UART communication system is a bidirectional so that microcontroller and PC can communicate simultaneously. UART stands for universal asynchronous receiver transmitter. The basic diagrammatic representation for system communication with C-language is shown below FIGURE 13: System communication in C Programming Language. In C-language firstly initialise all the functions required for the speed control of motor. 4.1.1Current sensor input: The current in the motor coils is one important parameter in the effective running of the motor. So it is essential to measure the value of this current. The measurement of the current is performed by using special sensors call Hall Effect Sensors. The range of the current is determined by the rating of the motor. Any over current in the motor can badly damage the motor. The Hall Effect sensors produce a voltage corresponding to the phase current. This is fed to the ADC inputs of the micro controller where it is converted into the digital signals. This is then fed into the microcontroller program. Hence the current needs to be limited within specific limits.CL1, CL2 and CL3 are the three current sensors variables used in this coding. The bit ratio of the ADC input is 10 so the input data ranges from 0 to 1023. The maximum data limit for the current sensor is 1023.so the current sensor value in the C- code is initiated as CL1 = 511; CL2 = 511; CL3 = 0; 4.1.2 Encoder input: For any speed controller, the actual speed of the rotor forms the basis for the control signals. The speed control signal can be changed only if there is an error between the actual speed of the rotor and the desired speed of the rotor. If the measured speed is less than the desired speed then the PWM pulses are varying accordingly to increase the speed. To perform this action a shaft encoder is used. The shaft encoder uses an opto-mechanical system to generate pulses. These pulses then are used to derive the speed of the rotor. A reference pulse is used as an indicator to count the pulse. This information is fed to the microcontroller, which then uses a special timing circuit that processes these encoder pulses. The motor speed to be accessed by the microcontroller needs to be stored in a variable within the micro controller code. The variable used in this program is a variable called rpm. This variable is accessed to calculate all functions related to the motor speed. 4.1.3 Pulse Width Modulation: The MOSFETs in the circuit is used as switches. These MOSFETs are switched according to a PWM. To drive these MOSFETs a gate driver circuit is required. The gate drive signal generates the voltage required for the operation of these MOSFETs. The PWM is generated by the microcontroller according to the program and is supplied to the gate drive circuit. The PWM signals are separate for each if the 3 legs of the MOSFET inverter. Each of the PWM requires a modulation index to generate the signal. These modulation indexes are stored in a register. The registers are named as PDC1, PDC2, and PDC3. These variables are very crucial in generating the PWM signals for the MOSFET drivers. Since data limit is 1023. 4.1.4 Initializing the code in C language Before performing any function in C-language, it requires an initialisation. It is important to initializing the variable of a function. Some the functions are initialized below. Init PORT () This function initialize the digital input and output port or analogue input and analogue output of the microcontroller. Init UART () It is one of pin in the microcontroller .The main function of the UART is used for bidirectional communication with PC. Since UART can able to detect the transmission speed in data transfer between the microcontroller and PC. The maximum transmission speed is around 19200.the data transfer wont exceed the limit. Init PWM ( ) The input frequency of our PWM signal is 10kHz.the time limit for the modulation index is around 0-1474.in the h-bridge converter has two legs so each leg produces a PWM signal with a maximum time limit of 0-737. Hence the Ton time of PWM signal will be in 1:1 duty ratio. Init ADC ( ) It is used to convert the analogue signals in to digital signals. In the microcontroller there are five pins reserved for the ADC inputs. During the data transmission ADC functions plays a important role in interrupting the signal. An initialisation is required for the interrupt to perform any function in C- language. Init CAPTURE ( ) The capture function is mainly used to measure the frequency and time period of the PWM wave form generated from the two legs J30 and J31 pins of the H-bridge converter InitTimer3 ( ) and InitTimer1 ( ) To set initial time in the microcontroller for the capture function and timer 1 set the starting time for the interrupt function happened in the UART communication system. Interrupts: Interrupts are occurred only during the data transfer, when the transmission speed that is the baud rate is known means the interrupts can be added to the system easily.in our project the baud rate is 19200.the main function of the interrupt is used synchronize time period of PWM with the speed loop and the current loop of the motor. In our project four different type of interrupt service routine are used. They are ISR_ADCInterput ( ) This interrupt is triggered when the ADC finishes its conversion and hence its get synchronized to the microcontroller PWM time base. From this all the application control code to be implemented in this interrupts service routine. ISR_T1Interput ( ) The various information to the PC is transferred by using the UART communication link in this interrupts service routine. All the variables that are needed to be mentioned in this routine using standard C function sprint ( ). ISR_U1RXInterput( ) Various information is transferred from the PC in to the C program. This routine concedes us to regulate the aspects of the program when it is running. ISR_IC1Interput( ) It measures the speed value from timing data that are attained in the input capture module. FIGURE 14 The connection diagram for the speed control of Dc motor is shown above CHAPTER 5 5 Results and discussion As discussed earlier the various functions of hardware components in this project, this section discusses the details regarding how the project deals with comparing and evaluating the results. Project has a series of steps; each step is assigned with different operation techniques to execute the final results. 5.1 Initial connection test between MPLAB IDE and Flexible inverted Board Initially the system needs to be interfaced using the flexible inverter board. This operation is performed by conne