Control The Speed Of The DC Motor Engineering Essay

Control The Speed Of The DC Motor Engineering Essay Direct current (DC) motor is applied in a wide range of applications particularly in automation technology due to minimal voltage consumption. In the proposal DC motor plays an effective role in Hardware implementation. The main principle behind the project is to use the cascade control to run the DC motor; its one of best feedback controllers. For estimating the velocity and the armature current of the DC motor with 24 volts and a dsPIC Microcontroller is programmed .The above all operation is done in a closed control loop function. Table of Contents 1.2 Objective 2. Specific Aims of the project Chapter 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Brushed DC Motor DC motor model Digital control of dc motor Advantages of dc with respect to speed control Analogue control of dc motor 2.1 ds PIC dsPIC30f 3010 2.2 MPLAB IDE 3. Design and Research Cascade control Currentloop dynamics Speed loop dynamics 3.1 Components for controlling 24v brushed Dc motor 3.1. Flexible inverted board 3.2.1 Generating PWM wave forms 3.1.2 H-Bridge converter 3.2 Software techniques used in DC motor Programming microcontroller in Flexible inverted board 4. Results and Discussion 5. Conclusion 6. Appendix List of Figures FIGURE 1: Operation of BRUSHED DC Motor FIGURE2: General block diagram of speed loop and current loop of DC Motor FIGURE3: H-bridge converter with different voltage VÃŽÂ ± VÃŽÂ ² CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objective The main function of the project is to control the speed of the DC Motor using a dsPIC30f3010 microcontroller. For that implement a separate hardware to satisfy the main function of the project. 1.2 Specific Aim of the project In order to achieve the main core of the project, construct Hardware for controlling the speed control of DC motor. The main hardware requirements are ds PIC microcontroller ICD interface connector for system interface DC power supply MOSFET Current sensors The above components are required to construct a hardware called Flexible Inverted Board [4]. 1.3 OUTLINE OF PROJECT Step1 In this paper a flexible inverted board is constructed with the series of hardware components Step2 Then communicate the Flexible inverted board with system using MPLAB IDE software with ICD-3 interface [4].the language used in the MPLAB software is C-language. Step3 The speed loop and the current loop are the two important functions for controlling the speed of the Dc motor. In our project the key point is to control both the loops by C-programming language using MPLAB ICD-3. The speed loop of the microcontroller is called speed controller and the current loop of the microcontroller is called current controller. CHAPTER 2 THEORITICAL TECHNIQUES AND THEIR REVIEWS 2 Background 2.1 Brushed DC Motor In automotive industries DC motor is used widely in fuel pump control, electronic steering control, engine control and electric vehicle control [6]for its cost effective and it is used in many applications like pulp and paper industries, fan pumps, press, winder motors [2],home appliances, washers, dryers and compressors[6] are some of the best examples. DC motor is one of the important hardware employed in this paper, it consists of a rotor and stator, and the parts are placed in a permanent magnetic field. Commutator and brush are placed in between the rotor and stator. Positioning the brush at a particular direction in the rotor is classified into some categories and they are radial, trailling or leading [3] positions. When the rotor rotates the commutator and carbon brush interface at a point, which produces an enormous amount of magnetic field from the brush of the motor and it produces current to the armature winding of the Dc motor. FIGURE 1: Operation of BRUSHED DC Motor[a] 2.2 DC Motor model [8] Each motor will have different specification and requirements. According to motor requirements and details the model can be designed. The aim of motor model, deals with controlling the applied voltage of both speed and current. The basic model for a Dc Motor is shown below FIGURE2: DC Motor model The above diagram is a simple RL circuit. RL circuit is called resistance inductance circuit and a 24v DC Motor. All these components combine to form RL circuit. Now the derivation part of the RL circuit is explained below T (t) = J w is the Angular velocity J is the moment of inertia B is the friction T is the armature Torque T (t) = (t) is the Torque constant is Armature current According to Kirchhoffs law (t) (t) = (t) + and are the inductance and resistance for the armature current (ia) The electromotive of the motor can be determined by multiplying the back emf with speed The relationship for the electromotive force is shown below (t) = The state model for any DC motor using ia and w (speed) is mentioned below. = + 2.3 ds PIC -microchip ds PIC stands for Programmable Interface Controller or programmable intelligent computer, which act as an important controlling unit for entire system. The main objective of this project is to make the ds PIC to generate 6PWM waveform. In an ideal condition the waveform from the pulse width modulation can control the H-bridge converter. It not only serves as an interface controllers but also plays a role of a programmable logic controller (PLC). [16,20] ds pic has a memory of 16bit microcontroller that has two major functions. Firstly it can act as a software part serving software functions and the other is a hardware part serving hardware functions. The input signals that are attain from the feedback serve system are received by the software part which in turn utilizes the codes that are written on the chip on C language to analyze the input and operate the hardware. Finally the software makes sure the hardware runs based on the software functions to gain the required output. [18, 20] Our project concentrated on working experiments that were run at lab conditions. Since a couple of systems have certain differences from the stimulation that have been run in real conditions compared to ideal conditions. This in turn is the working of the microcontroller. dsPIC30F 3010, 2010 4011 and 3012 are the series of chips that have been available in the Lab. The letter F in ds PIC30F and such chip states that the chip contains flash memory. The reason for considering this flash memory product is because 30F has an ex-ordinary performance when compared to EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) and one time programmable chips (OTP). This has been a major requirement for the running of this project to get the required output. 16-bit modified Harvard architecture has been added to the CPU containing ds PIC30F for utilizing the data and upgrading the set of guide lines for running digital signal processing (DSP) [14]. There is a lengthy flexible opcode field which has been installed in the CPU that has a 24 bit wide user programmer memory area and the total addressing speed can go up to 4MÃÆ'-24 bit. This programming model has sixteen 16bit working registers in ds PIC30F chip. There are two classes of introduction controlling unit that have been integrated and used for execution they are integrated and used for execution [2]. 2.3.1 dsPIC30F 3010 This section is about the pin configuration and the components available in dsPIC30F3010 microcontroller. Normally the memory allocation in dsPIC30F 3010 can classified in to three categories they are SRAM in Bytes EEPROM in Bytes Programmable memory in Bytes/instruction 2.3.1.1 SRAM SRAM stands for static RAM (Random Access Memory). According to the tabulation shown below the data limit for static RAM should not exceed 1024 bytes. The memory in the function can classified in two types they are X Data RAM Y Data RAM The static RAM uses X -RAM and Y_RAM for storing datas. 2.3.1.2EEPROM The memory allocation for EEPROM is same as static RAM. In read only memory one of the important types of ROM used to store memory is EEPROM. The main function of this ROM is based on two parameters they are endurance and retention [2]. Endurance is to retain the data even after the ROM fails. Therefore the data cant be deleted at any instant. Time period is required to store data that is taken care by retention [2]. 2.3.1.3Program memory In a particular program ds PIC30f microcontroller has a separate memory allocation for storing both the address and data. The memory limit for the program memory is 24K. program address space anda data address space TABLE 1: Tabulation for memory allocation in ds PIC30f3010 The pin configuration of dsPIC30f3010 is described below FIGURE 3: Pin configuration of dsPIC30F 3010[2] Pin descriptions (PWM1L and PWM1H), (PWM2L and PWM2H) (PWM3L and PWM3H) [2] these are six different types PWM channels used in the pin configuration. In which each PWM pair generates three duty cycles with one high output (H) and one low output (L). INT0, INT1INT2 are the interrupt buffers used in the PIC. VSS and VDD [2] are the supply voltage and ground in the PIC controller. U1RX U1TX, U1ARX U1ATX [2] are the series of pins used for communicating PIC microcontroller with PC, in other system interface operation can be done by UART function. In that RX stands for receiver and TX stands for transmitter. The above pin function plays an important in our project. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Components for controlling 24v brushed Dc motor Since the project is fully based on hard ware so many components are available and how they work in that operation. 3.1.1Cascade control operation in Dc Motor: The below operation is done by using Double cascaded layout, it consists of two loops they are current controller with current reference and speed controller with speed reference [5] as shown in . FIGURE4: General block diagram of speed loop and current loop of DC Motor [b] The current loop is covered by the speed loop, in the block diagram it has the two circles inner circle is called inner loop and the outer circle is called outer loop since the inner circle operation is always quicker than the outer circle. In other words inner circle performance is multiple of ten times quicker than the remaining one. The cascade control principle is mainly used in our project to maintain the speed of the motor at a constant level and the current loop in the cascade control is the armature current and it is otherwise called as torque. Sometimes armature current may exceed the limit to avoid this situation in cascade control, it has limiter, and the main function of the limiter is to limit the values of the armature current. For example To limit the armature current to 64volt i.e. 1 ampere. So that the armature wont exceed those limits since the limiter is available in cascade control. The speed controller in the cascade control used to produce demand current ia*. Th e motor runs to overcome the demand current values. The demand current value will always higher than the normal current values. So that the speed motor gradually increases. PI controller(proportional Integral controller) Current controller Speed controller The above all components construct a cascade controller and the function each component is described below 3.1.1.1PI controller (proportional and integral controller) In cascade controller function various controllers are used for detecting the speed and control of the motor, but PI controller is recommended as high efficient controller because it consist to constant gain Kip and Kid. By manually tuning the gain of both Kii and Kpi will reduce the steady state error and the stability of the system will be increased. In recent survey more than 70% cascade controller used PI controller for controlling the speed control DC Motor. In order to reduce the steady state error in the closed loop system, gradually increase the proportional gain constant Kp. As the gain of the Kp increases the steady state error in the system decreases. But the stability of the system will not be stable. To make the system stable, integral term Ki is introduced in the system. When both the proportional and integral term sum each other to reduce the steady state error and make the system stable .the above two functions can be done simultaneously in the PI controller. The math ematical expression for PI controller is explained below. FIGURE 5: PI controller of a closed loop function [1] Kp-proportional gain Ki-Intergral gain Y- Output of the PI controller Err-Error in the PI controller At the beginning error (Err) will pass through both Kp and Ki. For proportional gain the output is Kp Err y1= Kp Err eqn1 [1] y2 = eqn 2 [1] y = y1 + y2 eqn 3 [1] eqn 4 [1] The key point in this PI controller is the error Err in intergral gain Ki will be integrated. so that the steady error will be reduced and the system will be stable. 3.1.1.2Current controller The current controller in the closed loop functions of the cascade control. The current loop is also called as current controller. It is used to protect cascade circuit from damage. The main function of the cascade function is to control the speed. Before controlling the speed the current of the controller should be controlled. The current obtained from the closed loop function is from armature circuit of the DC Motor [7].the input in the current controller is the back emf (ia*). Power converter is mainly used to improve the control in the system. It has high switching frequency, since the power converter in the current loop is very quick. The output of the converter is armature voltage (Va). (-E) is the disturbance occurred in the current loop, in order avoid the disturbance -E ia ia* RL CIRCUITT Power Converter PI FIGURE 6: Functional block diagram of Current controller The disturbance is added along with RL circuit, and the equation is shown below Va = (S La + Ra) ia + E The function of the RL circuit is reduce complexity Va is Armature voltage. ia is armature current (trying to control) Ra is Armature resistance E is Disturbance RL = 1/(S La + Ra) Current loop is carried out by transmitting the from ia(armature current) to ia*(demand armature current). As quick as possible without making the over shoot getting so high. If the over shoot is high it creates problem to the converter. Similarly when the gain values (Kp and Ki) increases in PI controller the over shoot value reduces, but the same time there is more amount of oscillation which may affect the system. Care should be taken in choosing both Kp and Ki values. ts ia ia** FIGURE 7: graph for armature current vs settling time ia Armature current ia* Demand armature current ts Settling time 3.1.2 Flexible inverted board The major hardware has been designed and implemented as Flexible inverted board. It consists of many components they are dsPIC30F3010 microcontroller, H-bridge converter and dc motor. The functions of these hardware components are explained earlier. The above all operation is implemented in a single hard ware called flexible inverted board. FIGURE 8: Functional block diagram of Flexible inverted board 3.1.2.1 IR2130 gate drive circuit: There are three input signal generator blocks which are capable of providing two outputs each gives the inputs to the six output drivers. L1, L2 and L3 are signal generators which drive precisely the three low-side output drivers although H1, H2 and H3 signal generators must be level shifted before it is fed to the high-side output drivers. The floating points of the driver, gate charge requirements of the power switch and the maximum power switch ON times receives power from three bootstrap capacitors C1, C2 and C3. Bootstrap capacitors also feed supply to the internal floating driver current. Once these energy requirements are met there must be considerable amount of charge still on the 8.3V nominal to prevent stopping. D7, D8 and D9 should be super-fast. VCC level seen by an under-voltage detector circuit gives an input to outlaw six outputs of the signal generator circuits. Current sensor R1 derives the ITRIP signal in the main power circuit of the motor when it is segregated with a 0.5 volt reference to outlaw the six signal generator outputs. ITRIP inputs sets up a fault logic circuit which in turn gives open drain TTL output for system gesture. FIGURE 9: Circuit diagram for IR2130 gate drive circuit 3.1.2.2Trim port function with PWM Trim port are small in size and they are very small in size .it is mainly used in many PCB construction board since its occupies less space. The trim port act like a potentiometer and it is otherwise called as trimmer [ ]. By tuning the trim port, resistance value can be minimized or maximized. For example if a 50ohm resistance can be tuned by trim port from 0 50. The two leg of H-bridge converter produce two pulse wave form one with low output (1L) and another one with high output (1H). The duty ratio of the PWM wave form can adjust using trim port. 3.1.2.3DC MOTOR ENCLOSED WITH A ENCODER The best methods of calculating the speed of the DC motor is using optical encoder method. It consists of a disk, Light Emitting Diode (LED) and optical sensor [6]. The disk is fitted with the rotor, as the rotor rotates the disk starts spinning along with the rotor and it is placed in between the LED source and the light sensor. Once the rotation starts the disk passes through the LED source and the optical sensor gets started, from which the speed of the motor can be calculated because the optical sensor acts like a tachometer. In other words the encoder in the DC motor is otherwise called as speed detecting sensors. [6] 3.1.2.4 H-Bridge converter DC motor runs differential speed, but the applied voltage of the motor varies at every interval of time. Since the voltage is directly proportional speed, as the voltage increases the speed of the motor also increases. Speed can be calculated by tachometer which is in build in the DC motors, the applied voltage can be supplied and controlled by a converter called h-bridge converter. GD GD Gate Drive Circuit FIGURE 10: H-bridge converter with different voltage VÃŽÂ ± VÃŽÂ ²[c] In this H-bridge circuit it produces two unipolar pulse width modulations because it has two leg inverter. Effective modulation takes place only in the first half of the inverter. As a result two variable voltages are generated on either side of the armature winding. In H-bridge, modulation index is represented as (+mi) and the reciprocal of modulation index is represent as (-mi).the motor in our project actually experiencing two pulse width. Both the pulses are inversely proportional to each other producing a unipolar PWM. The two legs in the converter are called the switching signals or switching frequency. Bigger converter relatively has lower frequency and smaller converter has higher frequency. If the frequency in the leg1 is high in contrast the frequency in the leg2 will be low. In our project consider VÃŽÂ ± and VÃŽÂ ² are the switching channels of the H- bridge converter . they are inversely proportional to each other. The carrier signal is called the input frequency . the carrier frequency used in our project is 10khz. According to the carrier frequency the time period of VÃŽÂ ± and VÃŽÂ ² differs. In C coding VÃŽÂ ± and VÃŽÂ ² is mentioned as PDC1and PDC2 from the below graph FIGURE 11 graphical representation of PWM signals in H- Bridge converter. The output voltage of the h-bridge converter can be obtained both negative and positive voltage distribution [1]. Pulse width modulation in the h-bridge converter helps to control the armature circuit of the DC motor [1]. Maximum armature current (torque) can be obtained by comparing time constant of both field winding and the armature winding [1]. Since the motor is connected directly to the field windings supply voltage in the field winding is more when compared with the armature winding. To maintain equal time constant in both field and armature winding [1], the applied voltage in the armature winding should be increased, as the armature current increases the torque output is maximized [1]. 3.1.3 Generating PWM wave forms As the torque output gets maximized, pulse width modulation is introduced in the H-bridge system to avoid the disturbance in the armature current.it can be done by increasing the frequency level of the H-bridge converter at a higher range. As the torque output gets maximized, pulse width modulation is introduced in the H-bridge system to avoid the disturbance in the armature current.it can be done by increasing the frequency level of the H-bridge converter at a higher range. FIGURE 12: Diagrammatic representation of the pulse width modulation is shown below [6] The below specification is referred from [6] Ton Time is ON (applied voltage) Toff Time OFF (applied voltage) T Time period. Duty cycle =. The average voltage of the DC motor can be shown in an equation below Average = Duty cycle ÃÆ'- Vin [6] When the motor is running at a constant speed the back emf of the motor is also remain constant. As the back emf remain the same the motor running at constant speed and the armature current (Ia) is zero. PWM is one main part that is required for the operation of cascade control. 4. Software used to drive the Motors 4.1 Programming microcontroller in Flexible inverted board using C-language In the flexible inverter board PIC microcontroller plays a major position in directing the pulse width modulation. The Ton time in the pulse width modulation (PWM) signal can be modulated or controlled by the microcontroller, as the microcontroller varies the time, the velocity of the motor changes with respect to time. The Programing language used in microcontroller is embedded C. The programming codes are downloaded in the microcontroller chip, the downloading approach can be done by a software development tool called MPLAB, this software exists in monitoring the systems, this software should be first installed in the PC, the programmers will write the codes to modulate the PI controller to acquire Applicable source from the current loop of the cascade control function. Once the codes are accepted according to the current loop [1], the programs can be downloaded in the microcontroller through universal serial bus or in circuit Debugger (ICD); ICD is a bus which interfaces PC system and the flexible inverter Board. [6] In order to program the microcontroller examine whether the hardware components are interfaced with the controller. The programming language used for programming the controller is C language. In c-language the datas are classified in to input data and output data. The microcontroller send the information in analogue signal, where the C-language wont accept analogue signals .To avoid the situation ADC converter and encoder interface are introduced in the system. ADC stands for analogue to digital converter; it converts the analogue signal in to digital signals. Then the digital signals get received by the C-program as input data. In turns c-program will send the output data to the PWM unit. UART communication system is a bidirectional so that microcontroller and PC can communicate simultaneously. UART stands for universal asynchronous receiver transmitter. The basic diagrammatic representation for system communication with C-language is shown below FIGURE 13: System communication in C Programming Language. In C-language firstly initialise all the functions required for the speed control of motor. 4.1.1Current sensor input: The current in the motor coils is one important parameter in the effective running of the motor. So it is essential to measure the value of this current. The measurement of the current is performed by using special sensors call Hall Effect Sensors. The range of the current is determined by the rating of the motor. Any over current in the motor can badly damage the motor. The Hall Effect sensors produce a voltage corresponding to the phase current. This is fed to the ADC inputs of the micro controller where it is converted into the digital signals. This is then fed into the microcontroller program. Hence the current needs to be limited within specific limits.CL1, CL2 and CL3 are the three current sensors variables used in this coding. The bit ratio of the ADC input is 10 so the input data ranges from 0 to 1023. The maximum data limit for the current sensor is 1023.so the current sensor value in the C- code is initiated as CL1 = 511; CL2 = 511; CL3 = 0; 4.1.2 Encoder input: For any speed controller, the actual speed of the rotor forms the basis for the control signals. The speed control signal can be changed only if there is an error between the actual speed of the rotor and the desired speed of the rotor. If the measured speed is less than the desired speed then the PWM pulses are varying accordingly to increase the speed. To perform this action a shaft encoder is used. The shaft encoder uses an opto-mechanical system to generate pulses. These pulses then are used to derive the speed of the rotor. A reference pulse is used as an indicator to count the pulse. This information is fed to the microcontroller, which then uses a special timing circuit that processes these encoder pulses. The motor speed to be accessed by the microcontroller needs to be stored in a variable within the micro controller code. The variable used in this program is a variable called rpm. This variable is accessed to calculate all functions related to the motor speed. 4.1.3 Pulse Width Modulation: The MOSFETs in the circuit is used as switches. These MOSFETs are switched according to a PWM. To drive these MOSFETs a gate driver circuit is required. The gate drive signal generates the voltage required for the operation of these MOSFETs. The PWM is generated by the microcontroller according to the program and is supplied to the gate drive circuit. The PWM signals are separate for each if the 3 legs of the MOSFET inverter. Each of the PWM requires a modulation index to generate the signal. These modulation indexes are stored in a register. The registers are named as PDC1, PDC2, and PDC3. These variables are very crucial in generating the PWM signals for the MOSFET drivers. Since data limit is 1023. 4.1.4 Initializing the code in C language Before performing any function in C-language, it requires an initialisation. It is important to initializing the variable of a function. Some the functions are initialized below. Init PORT () This function initialize the digital input and output port or analogue input and analogue output of the microcontroller. Init UART () It is one of pin in the microcontroller .The main function of the UART is used for bidirectional communication with PC. Since UART can able to detect the transmission speed in data transfer between the microcontroller and PC. The maximum transmission speed is around 19200.the data transfer wont exceed the limit. Init PWM ( ) The input frequency of our PWM signal is 10kHz.the time limit for the modulation index is around 0-1474.in the h-bridge converter has two legs so each leg produces a PWM signal with a maximum time limit of 0-737. Hence the Ton time of PWM signal will be in 1:1 duty ratio. Init ADC ( ) It is used to convert the analogue signals in to digital signals. In the microcontroller there are five pins reserved for the ADC inputs. During the data transmission ADC functions plays a important role in interrupting the signal. An initialisation is required for the interrupt to perform any function in C- language. Init CAPTURE ( ) The capture function is mainly used to measure the frequency and time period of the PWM wave form generated from the two legs J30 and J31 pins of the H-bridge converter InitTimer3 ( ) and InitTimer1 ( ) To set initial time in the microcontroller for the capture function and timer 1 set the starting time for the interrupt function happened in the UART communication system. Interrupts: Interrupts are occurred only during the data transfer, when the transmission speed that is the baud rate is known means the interrupts can be added to the system easily.in our project the baud rate is 19200.the main function of the interrupt is used synchronize time period of PWM with the speed loop and the current loop of the motor. In our project four different type of interrupt service routine are used. They are ISR_ADCInterput ( ) This interrupt is triggered when the ADC finishes its conversion and hence its get synchronized to the microcontroller PWM time base. From this all the application control code to be implemented in this interrupts service routine. ISR_T1Interput ( ) The various information to the PC is transferred by using the UART communication link in this interrupts service routine. All the variables that are needed to be mentioned in this routine using standard C function sprint ( ). ISR_U1RXInterput( ) Various information is transferred from the PC in to the C program. This routine concedes us to regulate the aspects of the program when it is running. ISR_IC1Interput( ) It measures the speed value from timing data that are attained in the input capture module. FIGURE 14 The connection diagram for the speed control of Dc motor is shown above CHAPTER 5 5 Results and discussion As discussed earlier the various functions of hardware components in this project, this section discusses the details regarding how the project deals with comparing and evaluating the results. Project has a series of steps; each step is assigned with different operation techniques to execute the final results. 5.1 Initial connection test between MPLAB IDE and Flexible inverted Board Initially the system needs to be interfaced using the flexible inverter board. This operation is performed by conne

The Representation of Race in Mass-Media

Race as a discourse, has emerged from society romanticizing the idea of biological and psychological differences existing between various ethnic groups. To comprehend and analyze the phenomenon of this racial dilemma, one must have a complete understanding of how culture and identity work hand-in-hand within our society. By controlling most of the social institutions, such as mass communication, politics and corporations; the dominant culture methodically overpowers and exploits the ethnic minority groups, in order to establish its own cultural identity. One such institution is mass media- an industry that not only historically oppresses ethnic minority groups such as African-Americans, but also diminishes their societal status to that of a second-class citizen through the use of stereotypical representations. Because, it is controlled predominantly by the white liberal elites- an autocratic, financially driven organization, whose main objective is to protect the integrity of white culture; mass media industry is therefore, forced to reject all moral conventions, in order to present ethnic minorities as antagonists. The ideas of Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Stuart Hall accurately represent the century-old exploitative and oppressive nature of mass media- an industry that has perpetually employed racialized discourse and racist expressions against ethnic minorities such as African-Americans, in order to portray them as subordinate. Stuart Hall, a cultural theorist and sociologist from the United Kingdom, suggests that humanity should simply not just study the theme of culture, but also view it as a primary source of social interactions (Proctor 16). Because culture is a site of an ongoing struggle of power between different ethnic groups, what Hall is suggesting is that, one should only study it with the mindset of exposing each and every one its negative consequences on humanity. According to Hall, in American culture, the mass media industry is one of the main reasons why such a power struggle continues to exist within our society. He describes mass media as an industry that not only generates and influences the beliefs of mankind, but also produces â€Å"representations of the social world, images, descriptions, explanations, and frames for understanding how the world is and why it works as it is said and shown to work† (Hall, â€Å"The Whites† 19). Since the beginning of time, race has played a vital role in the transformation of human consciousness. Therefore, as long as this notion exists in our society, mass media will continue to exploit it for financial profits. During the eighteenth-century, racial stereotyping was so widespread in the United States that any illustrator could pick up a pen and draw minorities based on the two themes of their lack of culture and innate laziness (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 249). These caricaturists and cartoonists degraded the African-American community by exaggerating their physical characteristics: big noses, frizzy hair, wide faces, dark complexion, thick lips and hips, etc (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 249). Hall describes such a form of ethnic discrimination as a â€Å"racialized regime of representation†, a phenomenon that continues to exist, even in the twenty-first century (Hall, â€Å"The Whites† 26). Throughout history, African-Americans have always been presented as a race that is juvenile, one-dimensional, and greedy for money and sex, and perpetrators of violence and crime (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 272). The uneven distribution of power in American culture has allowed the white population to characterize the lives of African-Americans as inferior, an objectification that has been frozen in time and space. Popular representations of racial stereotypes against African-Americans can be examined in the American cinema of the mid-twentieth-century. Donald Bogle’s 1973 critical study titled, Toms, Coons, Mulattos, Mammies, And Bucks: an interpretive history of blacks in African films analyzed the five main stereotypes that were prevalent in Hollywood films of the fifties and sixties: Toms- the good Negros, who were always â€Å"chased, harassed, hounded, flogged, enslaved, and insulted† (Bogle 6). Coons- a black child who was â€Å"unreliable, crazy, lazy, subhuman creatures good for nothing than eating watermelons, stealing chickens, shooting crap, or butchering the English language† (Bogle 7). The Tragic Mulatto- a fair skinned, mixed-race woman, with whom the viewers sympathized, because she was refused entry into the white community because of her â€Å"tainted† blood (Bogle 9). Mammies- the predominant black female servant who was big, loud, bossy, obese and self-sufficient (Bogle 9). Finally the Bad Bucks- physically strong characters, who were always â€Å"big, badddd niggers, over-sexed and savage, violent and frenzied as they lust for white flesh† (Bogle 10). According to Hall, the feature-length film that gave birth to such African-American characteristics was David Llewelyn Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation, released in 1915 (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 271). The silent film provoked great controversy, because not only did it promote white supremacy, but also depict the Ku Klux Klan positively as heroes- a secret white society that was destined to lead humanity to salvation. Griffith, a firm believer in anti-miscegenation laws and white supremacy, portrayed the African-Americans as negative characters who were a threat to white integrity; hence they had to be eliminated. Therefore, as the film demonstrates, white supremacy is upheld, and the good (whites) triumphs over evil (blacks) when the Ku Klux Klan physically assault the African-Americans, burn their houses down and lynch them in public (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 252). Karl Heinrich Marx, a renowned German philosopher, political theorist and sociologist argues that society is comprised of two classes: the exploited and the exploiters (Balkaran 1). He suggests that in any given society, one class will eventually conquer the other and exploit it thereafter, through any means necessary (Balkaran 1). Looking back at the American society of the nineteenth-century, it is evident that there was an existence of such class system, one in which the white population overpowered the African-Americans, and forced them to be slaves (Balkaran 1). Even in present day, such a form of exploitation can be discovered in the racial stereotyping of ethnic minority groups. According to Stuart Hall, the uneven distribution of power between the exploited and the exploiters can not only lead to economic profiteering, but also physical violence (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 259). This power has such a strong influence that it can allow one to represent the other in any form desirable: positive or negative. Hall describes such a form of objectification as a â€Å"racialized regime of representation†, a phenomenon that has negatively influenced the lives of African-Americans for centuries (Hall, â€Å"The Whites† 26). In the eighteenth-century, American culture granted an extraordinary power to the white population- the authority over African-Americans; forcing them to be slaves, hindering their success and confining them to lives to subordination. The white owners overpowered the black male slaves physically and emotionally by illustrating them as a gender, which did not have the apacity to own land or provide adequately for their families (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 262). As a result of the denial of these male attributes, black slaves were portrayed to the rest of the world as adolescents, who could neither take care of themselves or their families- a stereotype that is prevent, even in present day. Such stereotypes are only a reference to what has been conceptua lized in fantasy by the ones who hold most of the power (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 262). By representing the African-American slaves as lazy and incompetent, the elites are corrupting the minds of and perceptions of the general public. For Hall, racial stereotypes only present one-half of the story, the other half is where the deeper meaning lies (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 263). What he is referring to is the notion of a single racial stereotype leading to two different and independent human perceptions. This idea of a double meaning existing in a single stereotype can be examined in Antoine Fuqua’s 2001 motion picture Training Day. In the film, whenever Denzel Washington’s character, Detective Alonzo Harris acts ‘macho’, he negatively portrays the African-American community as perpetrators of violence, in addition to promoting the stereotypical black childlike behavior. However, in accordance with Hall’s notion of an implicit meaning existing in every stereotype, one can see that the ‘macho’ behavior is validating a much more disturbing and complicated white fantasy- that African-Americans are in fact aggressive, better endowed than their white counterparts, over-sexed and superspade (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 263). Henry Louis Gates Junior, an eloquent commentator on issues of multiculturalism and racism argues that the direct correlation between race and racism can be disputed. What he is suggesting is that discrimination against ethnic groups is linked more to the phenomenon of power relations than any biological assimilation (Daley 1). He believes that the notion of race is simply a fabrication, one with no real purpose with the exception of formal discussions, because: ‘races', put simply, do not exist, and to claim that they do, for whatever misguided reason, is to stand on dangerous ground†¦ For, if we believe that races exist as things, as categories of being already ‘there,' we cannot escape the danger of generalizing about observed differences between human beings as if the differences were consistent and determined, a priori (Gates 402). He is arguing that the notion of race has simply been etched in humanity’s consciousness with one goal in mind- to confine ethnic minorities to lives of subordination. Throughout the nineteenth-century, the Iroquois in Canada and the blacks in America were being forced into the so called ‘civilized’ white Christian society, because the bodies of these ethnic minorities were deemed inferior. Therefore, Gates believes that the portrayal of minorities was due to the wrongful employment of racial characterization, a process in which: one generalizes about the attributes of an individual (and treats him or her accordingly). Such generalizations are based upon a predetermined set of causes or effects thought to be shared by all members of a physically defined group who are also assumed to share certain ‘metaphysical' characteristics†¦ can have rather little to do with aggression or contempt in intent, even if the effect is contemptible (but often ‘well-intentioned') (Gates 403). According to Gates, not only does this form of representation lead to a ‘racist’ benevolence, paternalism and sexual attraction towards African-Americans, but also a romanticizing of black culture (Daley 2). This form of racial representation was condescending to the African-Americans, because it depicted them as having instinctual physical, structural, and biological characteristics of greed and violence. Through the use of mass media, white supremacists represented black culture as being an entity that was separate from the African-Americans (Daley 2). Mass media at time of the twentieth-century played a vital role in forming and reflecting public opinion on the issues of racial representation and discrimination. As a result of media, the word ‘Negro’ began to be associated with the balance of power in society. It became a metaphor of the conflict between good and evil, educated and barbaric, master and servant- a fight for the control of power; a struggle that was etched into the consciousness of all Americans (Daley 2). By negatively representing the African-Americans, mass-media had caused a division between the ‘blacks’ and the ‘whites’- a rift that is still evident in twenty-first-century; not only in the United States, but all over the world (Daley 2). One can argue that not only has this gap dictated every discussion related to race and racial bias of our time, but that it will continue to do so for centuries to come with no end in sight. Media will continue to depict African-Americans as individuals who perpetrate violence, and are only motivated by greed and ex, because this approach allows the industry to gain a mass audience- a predominant white population that believes in white supremacy and wants to see the black race oppressed and destroyed. Linking back to Gates view on minority groups being confined to lives of subordination in the eighteenth-century, one can see that mass-media in present day carries out the same form of oppression. Because the industry is dr iven by monetary profits, it employs racial prejudice in its broadcasts, and enforces certain negative stereotypes against minorities, in order to confine them to deteriorated lifestyles. The American cinema of the mid-twentieth-century is regarded by many cultural sociologists as an era that promoted the positive representation of African-Americans for the first time. Motion pictures released in the early fifties enlightened the general public of the sensitive issues of race and stereotypes. In spite of the industry being controlled predominantly by the elite class of White-Americans, the films that were generated, characterized the black community as positive role models. A clear-cut example of such positive racial representation in mass media can be found in Stanley Kramer’s The Defiant Ones, a 1958 cult classic, in which the character of Noah Cullen portrayed by Sidney Poitier disregards the notion of differences in race; instead assisting a white prisoner escape from jail. Not only did the portrayal of Noah Cullen allow Poitier to score a BAFTA award for best actor in a lead role; it also secured his admission into mainstream Hollywood films. Following the success of The Defiant Ones, Poitier’s on screen roles now exemplified everything that the stereotypical African-American figure was not (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 253). Even though the white elites controlled American cinema, they continued to construct characters for Poitier in such a way so as to positively portray the African-American community. His film characters were widely accepted by the white population as one of their own, because the morals, and behavior that he exhibited, met the standards of the mass audience (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 253). Poitier’s characters represented the quintessential Caucasian male: one who was fluent in English, well-educated, smart and had proper table etiquette (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 253). History had repeated itself in the case of Sidney Poitier, because by portraying the role of a reformed African-American male, he relinquished the very little power that he had, to the white elites. In the eighteenth-century, the White-American population established its identity by means of absorbing ethnic minorities into their so-called ‘civilized’ Christian body. Because white elites had transformed Poitier’s African-American character, from an un-cooperative, over-sexed, savage beast into a sexless, docile and sterile ‘civilized’ gentleman; he no longer posed a threat to the integrity and dignity of white culture (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 253). In the late sixties and early seventies, American cinema implemented different strategy, in order to financially exploit the African-American community. The industry introduced a new class of African-American heroes- individuals who challenged the notion of white culture as superior to all others. Case in point, Gordon Parks’ 1971 box office success, Shaft, in which the main character- a black detective disputes the very existence of white patriarchal power in American society (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 271). To attain maximum pleasure in his ‘mythic’ life, John Shaft resorts to violence, drugs, illegal money and sexual relations with white and black women (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 271). The stereotypical notion of an African-American’s child-like dependency on the white community that had been prevalent since the eighteenth-century could no longer be applied to John Shaft, because he was confident and self-sufficient. Because, his elegance and charisma appealed to the African-American audiences, they were susceptible to the exploitation of the film industry. Black viewers were able to identify with characters such as John Shaft, because they represented a â€Å"mythic† life- one which was glorious and heroic (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 271). They flocked to theatres by the thousands, in order to watch films that depicted the triumph of ‘black’ over ‘white’, but what they failed to recognize was that such movies were only produced so that they could be financially exploited. Word Cited: Balkaran, Stephen. â€Å"Mass Media and Racism. † Yale University. Oct. 1999. Web. 03 Dec. 2009. http://www. yale. edu/ypq/articles/oct99/oct99b. html#fn1. Gates, Henry L. â€Å"Race,† writing, and difference. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1986. Hall, Stuart. Representation cultural representations and signifying practices. London: Sage Publications Ltd. , 1997. Hall, Stuart. The Whites of Their Eyes: Racist Ideologies and the Media. London: Silver Linings, 1995. Bogle, David. Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies and Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films. New York: Viking, 1973. â€Å"Mike Daley: The representation of ‘race' in mass media. † Mikedaley. net. York University. Web. 03 Dec. 2009. http://www. mikedaley. net/essay_raceinmassmedia. htm. Procter, James. Stuart Hall. London: Routledge, 2004. Balkaran, Stephen. â€Å"Mass Media and Racism. † Yale University. Oct. 1999. Web. 03 Dec. 2009. http://www. yale. edu/ypq/articles/oct99/oct99b. html#fn1.

History of Middletown, New Jersey Essay

A Starbuck or Panera Bread at nearly every corner, high rise condominiums and modern day architectural structures line the city of Middletown, New Jersey. This is the everyday picture of my hometown located north of the Navesink River in Monmouth County. Yes, I have noticed beautiful state parks, a lighthouse, and signs for tourist, but not being a tourist, I never realized or cared much for why Middletown even attracted tourists. I was looking forward to this research paper, because it gave me an opportunity to actually learn the historical significance of where I lived. I put the proverbial â€Å"tourist hat† on and took to the streets. What I learned amazed and embarrassed me, Middletown was encased in history, landmarks and all I basically new was where to get my latte in the morning. Before seeing the â€Å"sights† that I passed by so many times without pause, I wanted to learn about the history of Middletown itself, the simple facts. The township was settled in l665 by the English who migrated from Long Island, New York and New England. They had to purchase the land from the local Indian tribes and initially established three villages; the Portland Point, Shrewsbury and Middletown. The towns were organized as part of the Monmouth County in l693. Portland Point didn’t progress, but the two remaining villages prospered and were deemed as the â€Å"Two Towns of the Navesink† (Gabrielan, 2003). Middletown’s past included playing a part in the Revolutionary War. A vast number of residents stayed loyal to England and while others fount for their independence. According to Randall Barielan, â€Å"the conflict in New Jersey was a virtual civil war. Enemy participants in the major battle in New Jersey were headed toward Middletown. British forces hid in the Middletown hills during the battles. I never imagined my hometown shared a piece of our nation’s history. It’s a small town of about 60,000 people, on the Navesink River. Unfortunately, we did have thirty-six residents die on September 11th, but with that aside our crime rate is 0. 6 per 1,000 people (epodunk. com, 2007). Until this paper I thought of Middletown as a quaint village with the most impressive feature being that Bruce Springsteen, Geraldo Riviera and Vince Lombardi were born. Since I did pass a few â€Å"old† churches on my way to a Starbucks, I thought I’d esearch the spirituality history of Middletown. There were several different denominations early on with the Baptist Church founded in 1688, the oldest church in New Jersey, with at least one half of the original settlers known to be of this faith. The All Saints Memorial Church in Navesink, founded in l864 and officially becoming a National Historic Landmark in1988. Richard Upjohn, a visionary of this time period, with his English Gothic Revival architect, was chosen to construct the church laying the cornerstone in l863. According to there official website; www. allsaintsnavesink. rg, the church was awarded a â€Å"grant from the New Jersey Historic Trust to develop a long term preservation plan. † The story behind the Episcopal Christ Church, built in l702 is interesting. It was not about England settlers getting together to worship; it was more of a â€Å"missionary venture. † Colonial Governor, Lewis Morris, wrote to the Bishop of London of the people of Middletown: â€Å"There is no such thing as a church or religion among them. They are perhaps, the most ignorant and wicked people in the world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Bishop sent two Anglican priests to â€Å"save† Middletown. That was over three hundred years ago and the Christ Church still remains an active congregation (christchurchmiddletown. org). Another area of Middletown I wasn’t aware of, is snuggled away high on a hill and called the Water Witch Club, founded in 1895. A 50 acre â€Å"historic paradise,† added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. It is known for its â€Å"exclusive club culture,† and architecture. The Witch Club enticed visits by famous architects such as Frank A. Wright and Yew York are rich and famous. Presently there are forty-four homes at Water Witch Club that amazingly kept its â€Å"old-world charm,† throughout its history. A breathtaking site on top of a hill, which escaped me for so long (Van Develde, 2003). Before I introduce you and myself, to the several other historic landmarks in Middletown, there is one fact I was surprised to unveil. Middletown’s daily newspaper, the Times Herald-Record, often called simply, â€Å"The Record,† was the first cold offset press in the country, published in 1851. Subsequently, in 1956, the Middletown Daily Record, the first U.  S. newspaper to use cold type, printed from a garage, ignited competition for the Record. In l969 the two papers merged into the Sunday Record, but reverted back to the Times Herald-Record in 2007. The form of this newspaper from cold type to a website, in 2008, shows a timeline of innovations (record online. com). Now, back to being a tourist, I set forth to view the historical landmarks my locale had preserved for generations. Marlpit Hall was built in several stages and completed in 1756. It was the home of loyalist Edward Taylor and his family. Taylor was held under house arrest for his political views and lost most of his wealth and influence. In l936, the house was donated to the Monmouth County Historical Association. The Association restored it to become the first house museum in the region. Marlpit has five rooms all furnished to depict its setting from l756 through 1820. It is â€Å"key property† in the National Register of Historic Places in Middletown Village. A â€Å"spin-off† of the Marlpit Hall is the Taylor-Butler House, built in 1853 by descendents of the Marlpit’s Taylor family. Joseph Taylor and his wife, Mary originally called it the Orchard Home. They were particular in furnishing the home with family heirlooms. Mary was the last to live in the house, which remained vacant for ten years after her death in 1930. Henry Ludwig Kramer, a famous architect, bought it for his home and office, restoring its historical venue. George and Alice Butler bought it from Kramer in the l950’s; in turn the Monmouth County Historical Association bought the estate in l999. Actually the Association itself has an historical place in Middletown, too. It was founded in l898 by a group of citizens committed to preserving the history of Monmouth County. They built a three story Georgian building in l931 to house a museum and library (co. monmouth. nj). Middletown has two historic farmhouses; the Murray Farmhouse and the Moses D. Heath Farm. The Murray Farmhouse and barn was built in l770 and remains on its original foundation. Joseph Murray and his mother arrived from Ireland in l767 to Monmouth County where he met and married Rebecca Morris, and had four children. Joseph joined the â€Å"local militia,† when the Revolutionary War began. He acquired the nickname, â€Å"daring, notorious rebel,† because he was â€Å"openly defiant of British rule. † The farm remained in the family until l861, and had several owners until it was purchased in 1973 by the Middletown Township to â€Å"save the land from development. † Today the house is not accessible to the public but there are continuous events and tours throughout the barn and farmland (poricypark. org). The Moses D. Heath Farm provides access to numerous exhibits to illustrate the historical importance of farming in Monmouth County. They include; 19th century farm â€Å"artifacts, Gertrude Neidlinger (1911-1998) Spy House collection, and a working honey bee colony and museum. † The farm promotes the legacy of the Heath family, primarily Bertha C. Heath. Heath’s father, Clinton was a former slave until the Civil War freed him, and he fled to Middletown with his brother Calvin; who later became the first preacher at the Clinton Chapel Zion Church, founded in 1870. After he was settled as a crop farmer he sent for his wife and thirteen children. Bertha being the â€Å"youngest of 6 girls. † Born in the farm homestead on July 22, 1909, she ran two miles for a â€Å"trolley to take her to school,† each morning. Bertha was exceptionally graduating from Middletown Township High School in 1926 she moved to Upper Manhattan, New York City and lived there for forty-four years. During this period she graduated from the Harlem Hospital School of Nursing, received a Bachelor of Science degree in Public Health form New York University, in 1958, and a Master of Science degree from Columbia University. Bertha went beyond what a black women was allowed or able to do, and enjoyed working as a registered nurse until her retirement in 1974. Bertha with the help of her nephew, Walter Spradley and countless volunteers, organized the Heath Center Black History Committee, which still participates in Black History Month celebrations. The property has remained in the Heath Family since the post Civil War years and converted into the center of New Jersey’s African-American agricultural history. Visiting the farm is the ultimate family experience. Along with exhibits already mentioned, there is a children’s educational garden, blacksmith shop, sugar can mill and â€Å"demonstrations on how farming was conducted in the l9th century,† (heahfarm. tripod. com). The last landmark I’ll review is the Sandy Hook Lighthouse. Built in l764 it is the oldest lighthouse in the nation and one of the twelve constructed before the Revolutionary War. It is octagonal, and rises eight-five feet above the ground and eighty-eight feet above the water. New York originally financed Sand Hook because the merchants lost a lot of money and crew members from shipwrecks. American and English troops both wanted control of the lighthouse during the war, so New York congressmen gave the order to darkened it to deter British ships. This proved ineffective, the British sent a landing party to relight Sandy Hook. The Americans even tried to destroy the lighthouse with cannons, but did little damage to its structure. The British controlled Sandy Hook throughout the Revolution. â€Å"The original tower of the Sandy Hook Lighthouse still stands. † Another interesting note from the National Park Service is that the lighthouse originally stood five hundred feet from the northern end of Sandy Hook, and now, because of the current of the water, â€Å"the light is five-eighths of a mile from the point. † Ironically the light continues to help mariners, as it has â€Å"faithfully done for the last l96 years,† and was designated a National Landmark on January 29, 1964 (nps. gov). Amazing how much a tourist learns about a place you call home? I had to walk in they’re shoes to notice the national historic landmarks, hidden natural treasures and areas steeped in history, literally in my own backyard. What an indelible past laid behind my everyday sights of the Gothic designed church, the farmhouses, and restored l9th century homes. It is like seeing Middletown for the first time, through the eyes of an interested stranger. My walk to Starbucks takes on a totally different meaning for me now; I take it slower, observe the artistic landscape and take pride in knowing I’m walking down a path through history.

Essay Case Study of Lincoln Electric Company - 875 Words

Integrative Case: The Lincoln Electric Company Tony Slattery Everest University Abstract â€Å"We are a global manufacturer and the market leader of the highest quality welding, cutting and joining products. Our enduring passion for the development and application of our technologies allows us to create complete solutions that make our customers more productive and successful. We will distinguish ourselves through an unwavering commitment to our employees and a relentless drive to maximize shareholder value† (http://www.lincolnelectric.com/en-us/company/Pages/vision-statement.aspx). This is the vision of James Lincoln, founder of Lincoln Electric Company. I will look at this vision and apply it towards the†¦show more content†¦572). Finally, the last stakeholders in the Lincoln Electric Company are the stockholders. James Lincoln regulated them to secondary status. However, the stockholders of Lincoln Electric have done well over the years. Integration and Application. P. 67 a. Describe the relevance of the environmental forces for Lincoln Electric’s approach to managing human resources. Economic globalization. Nobody cannot stop globalization. Lincoln Electric realized this concept. They used the same philosophy here as they do on foreign land. Lincoln Electric found out how customs and laws affected them as far as business. The worldwide business environment remains to be a main developmental prospect for Lincoln Electric as far as global manufacture and trades from the United States (Jackson et al., 2011). The country culture of the United States. Lincoln Electric has been on top in relating to the country’s culture of the United States. James Lincoln realized that treating people fair and realized their needs will sustain the company for the long haul. For an example, in 2008 when the United States was in recession, many major corporations laid of its employees. The feeling of discontent was high in the United States. However, Lincoln Electric did not lay off one person. Instead, the company lower their hours until the recession is over. Not only this method saved the employees’ jobs and it also sustain their morals and spirits. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Lincoln Electric Company Case Study Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesThere are plenty of reasons why Lincoln Electric Company (LEC) is successful, and a big one that people usually credit the success to is the way it’s managed. While reading the Lincoln Electric Company Harvard Case Study by Arthur Sharplin, we learned a lot about the echo of the founder’s philosophies still very present in the company, we looked at the highly rewarding merit pay plan, and we learned about LEC’s authoritarian management style. 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